For years, the primary way to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been through the use of various weight control methods: diet programmes, exercise regimens, medications of limited benefit, bariatric surgery, and more. But once people develop progressive NAFLD, simply losing weight is not enough. Now, after years of studying the numerous mechanisms involved with obesity and NAFLD, a team of 20 scientists at Cincinnati Children's reports that excessive fat deposition in the liver due to obesity can alter the microenvironment of the liver in a way that attracts a highly specific population of immune T cells to the liver. These "inflammatory hepatic CXCR3+Th17 cells" or "ihTh17" cells go on to trigger excess inflammation and life-threatening liver damage.
By running a series of experiments using human tissues and cells and multiple lines of genetically modified mice, the team found that obesity itself triggers activity along a molecular "pathway" that starts with excess expression of the CXCL10 and CXCR3 genes. This abnormal activity attracts more and more ihTh17 cells to the liver. The consequence being a scorched earth inflammatory feedback loop that recruits additional immune cells and progressively damages liver function.
After tracing the ihTh17 cell liver recruitment pathway, the team set out to find a way to break the unhealthy cycle of inflammation. They found success with mice bred to lack expression of the gene Pkm2 in their T cells, which appears to be crucial to continued activity along the CXCR3 pathway. When these modified mice were given obesity-inducing diets, they still got fat. But they suffered notably less liver damage than non-modified mice.
Next, the researchers tested human tissues collected from people with NAFLD. They confirmed that many of the key genes and molecular activities occurring in the mice also could be detected in the human liver cells. The findings were reported in the paper, 'PKM2-dependent metabolic skewing of hepatic Th17 cells regulates pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', published in Cell Metabolism.
"Our results demonstrate for the first time that ihTh17 cells represent an important component of the complex world of NAFLD pathogenesis," explained corresponding author, Dr Senad Divanovic, a member of the Division of Immunobiology at Cincinnati and first author, Dr Maria Moreno-Fernandez, a postdoctoral fellow in the Divanovic laboratory.
Learning more about how to regulate ihTh17 cells' function and their interaction with the liver cells and the immune system could lead to new therapies to reduce the harm caused by NAFLD.
Human gene editing is not likely to be an acceptable option for this condition anytime soon. However, some drugs are known to be capable of blocking Pkm2 activity, Divanovic explained. Those drugs still require more in-depth laboratory evaluation. Ultimately, a promising compound also would need to be tested in multi-year clinical trials. But now, for the first time in years, the team has a promising lead to explore.
"If we can modulate the unwanted inflammatory responses associated with NAFLD in a targeted way we may be able to ameliorate the liver damage and improve the survival and health of people with NAFLD," Divanovic added.
