Research from the Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition (TCI) has reported that obesity in India is tied to such variables as gender, age and the level of economic development where people live, underscoring the need for policies and programmes that consider the factors driving obesity rates within different groups and communities.
The study paper, ‘Transitioning to an obese India: Demographic and structural determinants of the rapid rise in overweight incidence’, published in the journal Economics & Human Biology, TCI Director Dr Prabhu Pingali and former postdoctoral associates Anaka Aiyar and Sunaina Dhingra, using data from India's National Family Health Surveys, the authors reveal that the drivers of obesity differ between men and women.
"Biological differences, along with intrahousehold differences in behaviour and access to technology, explain how obesity has emerged differently across genders in India," said Dhingra, an assistant professor in the Jindal School of Government and Public Policy at OP Jindal Global University in India. "Understanding the circumstances behind these trends can help policymakers identify which factors should be prioritized in efforts to reduce obesity."
For example, biological factors, such as increasing age and diminishing reproductive stress (when a woman stops having children), are associated with obesity among women but not men. Obesity rates in men are more closely associated with the use of technology that reduces physical activity, such as motorized transportation.
Changes to the overall health environment brought upon by economic development were also found to play a role, with urbanisation and increasing sedentary lifestyles associated with rising obesity rates. Within each gender, the researchers found differences between rural and urban dwellers. In rural areas where economic development is low, decreased reproductive stress is the main factor behind obesity in women, whereas in highly developed urban areas, age plays a larger role. For men, access to motorised transport drives obesity in rural areas, while behaviours like television-watching and increased smoking are to blame in urban centres.
While technology was a bigger factor in male obesity rates, the researchers found that some technologies impacted men and women alike. Because men are more likely than women to drive cars, motorised transportation is more closely linked to obesity in men than in women. Increased time spent watching television, on the other hand, is associated with obesity in both genders.
Based on their findings, the researchers recommend that efforts to stem obesity in India use targeted approaches that account for group- and community-based differences. For example, because advanced age and declining reproductive stress are associated with obesity in women, postmenopausal and middle-aged women should receive health and nutrition counselling during reproductive health check-ups. Nutrition education programmes for men should focus on the importance of physical activity and exercise.
To counter the effects of changes caused by economic development, such as increased sedentary behaviour, the researchers suggest campaigns encouraging healthy, active behaviours, especially among children.
"Proactive campaigns that create awareness of obesity-causing behaviours and promote healthy alternatives can alleviate the impact of changes brought on by economic development and urbanisation," said Dhingra.
The researchers caution that in the long term, India's struggle with obesity as well as undernutrition requires broad food and agricultural policy shifts to increase the availability and affordability of healthy foods.
"At the root of India's malnutrition problem is a lack of diverse, nutritious foods," added Pingali. "Ensuring that Indians have access to a healthy diet is ultimately the key to addressing hunger, undernutrition and obesity in the country."
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